Decades after ozone-depleting substances were banned, we’re finally seeing the results. According to a joint press release from NASA and NOAA, the hole in the ozone layer is now the smallest it’s ever been since we began measuring it. There is now a long-term trend towards an overall recovery.
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The existence of a hole in the ozone layer is probably one of the first world events I consciously remember. The ozone layer above us is a critical protective layer around our planet. It blocks damaging UV radiation, including UV-C and UV-B. While some UV-B still makes it to the Earth’s surface (it’s the wavelength associated with sunburn and skin cancer), concentrations of UV-B are 350 million times higher at the top of Earth’s atmosphere than they are at the surface.
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In the late 1970s, scientists discovered ozone levels in the atmosphere were dropping due to the heavy use of certain refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowing agents. These chemicals, collectively known as ozone-depleting substances, destroy ozone as they break down in the upper atmosphere via photodissociation. Once we discovered the existence of an actual ozone hole over the Antarctic, it was clear we had to act. Various ODS substances were banned or heavily restricted in 1989 via the Montreal Protocol. Now, it’s clear those efforts are paying off.
According to NASA, the ozone layer hole is now the smallest it has been since 1982. The ozone hole is unusually small this year in part because of overall planetary weather patterns that have limited its size. Similar patterns also occurred in 1988 and 2002. NASA is warning people not to expect that recovery has suddenly accelerated as a result of these changes.
“It’s great news for ozone in the Southern Hemisphere,” said Paul Newman, chief scientist for Earth Sciences at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “But it’s important to recognize that what we’re seeing this year is due to warmer stratospheric temperatures. It’s not a sign that atmospheric ozone is suddenly on a fast track to recovery.” Drivers athena smartcard usb devices.
But while the ozone layer may not be on the fast track to recovery, it is recovering. A plot of ozone levels shows small but definite increases in the minimum level of ozone detected by the TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) since the mid-1990s.
Image by Wikipedia
There is no known connection between the size of the ozone hole and climate change. The specific reason for the smaller-than-expected depletion level this year was warming in the upper atmosphere. At ~12 miles up, temperatures were 29 degrees Fahrenheit (16 degrees Celsius) warmer than average. This weakened Antarctica’s polar vortex. This, in turn, allowed the unusually warm air to sink into the stratosphere, where it disrupted the formation of the stratospheric clouds that fuel ozone destruction. The weather patterns also diverted ozone-rich air from elsewhere in the Southern Hemisphere over the spot. The ozone hole is expected to be roughly the same size in 2070 as it was in 1980 — a substantial improvement from the declines we were seeing before.
The problem of climate change may not be directly related to the ozone layer, but the fact that we’re seeing slow improvements is itself proof that human activities shape the globe. Taking action to reduce the amount of CFCs in the atmosphere has had a real impact. It continues to have an impact. We are not simply prisoners of events and taking action at a global scale can reduce or avoid the worst outcomes associated with modern industrial activity. The fact that we’re on track to have an ozone layer in 2070 as opposed to watching its continued, active decline is proof of our own ability to effect meaningful change.
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Feature image by Katy Mersmann, NASA Goddard.
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When it's smoggy outside, the ozone (O3) responsible for the murk slips indoors, too, wafting through doors or ventilation systems. Once inside, the volatile oxygen molecule reacts with carpets, chemical cleaner residue and human skin.
In fact, according to new research published last week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, ozone coming into contact with human skin and hair, specifically the oils on each of them, sets off a whole lot of chemistry, some of it possibly of concern.
'Ozone and humans have been interacting since the dawn of man,' says chemist Charles Weschler of the Environmental and Occupational Health Institute in New Jersey, lead author of the study. But 'we found that when ozone reacts with skin oils you get a series of products, some of which have not been previously identified.'
One of those products, known as 4-oxopentanal, or 4-OPA, is structurally similar to diacetyl, perhaps better known as the popcorn-butter flavoring chemical that has caused serious lung issues for factory workers, known as 'microwave popcorn lung'. 'We don't know how toxic some of these compounds are,' Weschler says. '4-OPA's structure is similar to other dicarbonyls that we do know have adverse effects.'
It all started in airplanes
Weschler and colleague Armin Wisthaler of the University of Innsbruck in Austria first studied the issue of ozone in aircraft cabins. Whereas many larger planes have special filters to eliminate ozone, smaller planes, such as Boeing 737s, typically do not. The researchers hoped to determine what kinds of compounds were being produced when ozone interacted with the people and parts inside a jet.
On examination, the ozone proved to be largely interacting with one of the primary components of skin oils, the natural organic compound known as squalene, which is used as an adjuvant and moisturizer. Inside the body, squalene is the precursor of cholesterol, but the sebaceous glands in the skin churn out the stuff as is and ozone is drawn to it like a magnet, Weschler says.
In fact, it appears that squalene is the primary antioxidant protecting the skin from ozone, not vitamin E or other chemicals. 'I'm not a dermatologist,' Weschler says. But 'it's a very good thing we have squalene and these unsaturated fatty acids in our skin. I think it keeps other bad things from happening.'
In the new study, Weschler and Wisthaler first used proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry—a tool for detecting volatile organic compounds in air at levels of as little as a few parts per trillion—to determine what appeared after the squalene and ozone interacted. The interaction immediately produced acetone, geranyl acetone, hydroxy acetone and a compound known as 6-MHO—none of which are considered cause for health concern.
But some of those products go on to interact with yet more ozone in the air to form dicarbonyls—the aforementioned 4-OPA, plus 1,4-butanedial, 4-MON and 4-MOD. And it is these that might be cause for concern. 'We did not find these carbonyl products in the absence of ozone,' Weschler notes. 'It's not something we naturally emit.'
And all of them are possible lung irritants.
Testing pseudo–office workers
More than 35 million Americans complain of eye, nose or throat irritation when working indoors, costing the U.S. economy at least $20 billion annually in lost productivity. Some researchers have pinned the blame on indoor air pollution and a study last year showed that when outdoor ozone levels rose, the number of people inside suffering from so-called 'sick building syndrome' also increased.
So Weschler and Wisthaler simulated a typical office environment at the Technical University of Denmark in Copenhagen—two people in a carpeted 28.5–cubic meter room at a temperature of 23 degrees Celsius with two small stainless steel tables, two chairs, two flat-screen LCD monitors, two headsets, one walkie-talkie, one small mixing fan, a few books, two laptops, two bottles of water and ozone concentrations that reached roughly 32 parts per billion, an average exposure for a hot, smoggy day.
The squalene on these pseudo–office workers' skin soon began to interact with the ozone in the chamber. In fact, just one person in a similar size room removes as much as 25 percent of the ozone in the air, according to the results of the tests, turning it into various by-products. And, in cases where ozone preceded the people into the room, 4-OPA reached levels as high as two parts per billion after just four hours.
The question is: is that cause for concern?
No one knows, but the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has begun testing. 'Do dicarbonyls in general have similar effects as diacetyl?' asks NIOSH chemist Ray Wells of the compound responsible for popcorn lung's chemical cousins. 'They are being formed but the concentrations that people are being exposed to we don't really know yet.'
NIOSH immunotoxicologist Stacey Anderson has begun testing dicarbonyls, 4-OPA in particular, to see if they provoke an immune reaction in mice or human lung cells. 'We have some promising results from that work in 4-OPA and others, some traditional markers for irritation,' such as cytokine levels, she says.
Weschler adds: 'The jury's still out on some of these oxidation products. Four-OPA might be of concern, some products that remain on skin might be irritating.' And it may be that the products have some kind of additive effect.
'It underscores the necessity to control ozone entry into buildings in regions with even moderate ambient ozone levels,' says environmental health scientist Michael Apte of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. 'Likely, the findings in this paper contribute to an explanation of symptoms in the upper respiratory system and mucosa, and the lower respiratory system. It may explain skin-irritation symptoms.'
If that's the case, and a lot more research needs to be done to determine that, then there's a simple solution to sick building syndrome: 'You can shut this chemistry down by simply getting rid of the ozone,' Weschler notes, which can be accomplished with a simple charcoal filter in HVAC (heating, ventilating and air-conditioning) systems—a remedy currently being considered as a guideline by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 'If they wanted, they could take ozone out—and I'd like to see that happen.'